WOULD
WOULDには色々な意味があってちょっと混乱しやすいですが、基本的には丁寧な意思表現です。
表現が丁寧なぶん、「そうであるといいなぁ」という願いをこめたり、WILLよりも弱めの「多分するだろう」という意思を表現したりします。
WOULD は WILL の過去形としてより、現在の意味を持つ助動詞として使われる方が断然多いです。
They would help us. (願望・推測 現在の意味)
They will help us. (未来表現)
They said they would help us. (will の過去形)間接話法参照)
WOULDは、過去表現する場合、WOULD HAVE + 過去分詞という形を用います。
この表現は、実際には行われなかった行為を言い表し、後悔の表現や仮定法表現でよく用いられます。
I would have helped them. (後悔・過去の願望表現)
=I wanted to help them, but I did not.
WOULD LIKE
動詞 【WANT】より丁寧な願望表現です。疑問文では丁寧な依頼表現になります。
Would you like some coffee?
I'd like some coffee.
I would like to go to the movies tomorrow. (願望)
I will go to the movies tomorrow. (未来表現)
I said I would go to the movies tomorrow.(will の過去表現:間接話法参照)
WOULD RATHER (…THAN)
「ご飯食べるより、寝ていたい。」なんて願望をあらわしたり、「遊園地じゃなくて、温泉に行きたかった。」なんて不満を表す時に活躍します。(後悔の表現参照)
"WOULD" は現在の意味で、過去形の時は、would have + 過去分詞 で表します。
I would rather go to the movies than watch TV at home.
=I prefer going to the movies to watching TV at home.
I would rather have gone to the movies than watched TV at home.
I did not go to a movie but watched TV, and I don't like it.
WOULD と USED TO
過去形は単純な過去の行動表現にすぎませんが、WOULD は、過去に繰り返し行なわれた行為を回想するニュアンスがあります。
I would stay up late to do homework when I was in college. 過去繰り返された行為の回想
I stayed up late many times when I was in college. 単なる過去の叙述
He'd always be the first to offer to help. 過去繰り返された行為の回想
He was always the first to offer to help. 単なる過去の叙述
USED TO"は、過去の回想と共に現在は行われていない事を示唆します。
I used to play the piano.
I played the piano when I was a child. I no longer play the piano.
WOULDは 繰り返し行われた行為に対して使い、状態を表す動詞には使いません。
When I was a child, my mother would sing me songs at night.
= When I was a child, my mother used to sing me songs at night.
I used to live in Japan.
×I would live in Japan.
WOULD とUSED TO の違いに注意しながら下記の例文を見てみましょう。
WIFE: Do you remember? We would often come here after school.
HUSBAND: Yes, I do remember. There used to be a big tree down there.
WIFE: Yes, there was. It's gone now.
HUSBAND: We would always talk under the tree.
WIFE: We used to talk a lot.
HUSBAND: We still can, cant't we?
WOULD の場合「過去に繰り返し行なわれた行為の回想」、USED TO の場合「今は行なわれていない行為、状態の回想」。ニュアンスの違いに注意しましょう。