受身表現の仕方 - Forming the Passive
受身の形：BE + 過去分詞 (+ BY)
受身（受動態）は、BE + 過去分詞 の形で表します。動詞の主体は通常【BY】以下で表します。受身文を作る動詞は他動詞(transitive verbs)、つまり目的語を取る動詞のみです。
My wallet was stolen.
Somebody stole omy wallet.
"laugh at" "take care of" など、前置詞の後に目的語をとる句動詞は、受身文にすることができます。句動詞の受身形 参照
I was laughed at by everyone in the room.
Everyone in the room laughed at ome.
She has been taken care of by her daughter.
Her daughter has taken care of oher.
能動態同様、時制があり、それぞれにパターンがあるので確認しましょう。
単純時制
現在形・過去形の場合 BE動詞 が時制を決めます。未来形の場合、will, be going to の後に、BE 過去分詞が来ます。
Math 101 is taught by Professor Thompson.
Professor Thompson teaches Math 101.
Math 101 was taught by Professor Thompson.
Professor Thompson taught Math 101.
Math 101 will be taught by Professor Thompson.
Professor Thompson will teach Math 101.
Math 101 is going to be taught by Professor Thompson.
Professor Thompson is going to teach Math 101.
進行形
進行形の場合、BE動詞 BEING 過去分詞 の形になります。始めのBE動詞は時制を表し、受身を表すBE動詞が進行形になります。
Math 101 is being taught by Professor Thompson.
Professor Thompson is teaching Math 101.
Math 101 was being taught by Professor Thompson.
Professor Thompson was teaching Math 101.
完了形
完了形の場合、 HAVE BEEN ＋過去分詞 の形になります。HAVEは時制を表し、受身を示すBE動詞が過去分詞になります。
Math 101 has been taught by Professor Thompson.
Professor Thompson has taught Math 101.
Math 101 had been taught by Professor Thompson.
Professor Thompson had taught Math 101.
助動詞+ be 過去分詞 (+ by)
助動詞を使った受身文は、 助動詞 BE ＋過去分詞 で表します。
These documents must be sent to the manager by Friday.
Someone must send these documents to the manager by Friday.
The test could be printed and copied for students to use.
Someone could print and copied the test for students to use.
had better や、be supposed to といった助動詞句の場合、句の後にBE＋過去分詞 が来ます。
This book had better be returned to him.
Someone had better return this book to him.
He was supposed to be told about the party.
Someone was supposed to tell him about the party.
SHOULD HAVE, COULD HAVE 等は、 助動詞＋HAVE ＋BEEN 過去分詞 の語順です。
The letter should have been sent last week.
Someone should have sent the letter last week.
助動詞の例文は意図的に主語を"someone"にしました。"someone" が "I"や"you" の場合、責任の所在が明らかになります。一方、受動態の文は、主語の「物」に焦点が当たっています。
