副詞の種類と位置 - Types and Positions of Adverbs
副詞の種類
副詞とは、動詞や形容詞、そして副詞を修飾する語。主に、態度、場所、頻度、時間を表現したり、動作の程度や、動作を強調したりします。ま、副詞の定義は理屈を言わずとも、何となくつかめますね。
| 副詞無し | He talked to her. |
|---|---|
| 態度 | He talked to her cheerfully. |
| 場所 | He cheerfully talked to her here. |
| 頻度 | He cheerfully talked to her here every morning. He always talked to her cheerfully. |
| 時間 | He cheerfully talked to her here this morning. |
| 程度 | He knows New York well. We absolutely refuse such an illogical offer. He hardly visits his mother. I simply asked him. I've just met him, so I don't know much about him. I almost quit smoking. |
| 観点 | Building a dam across a river is a great challenge financially and a great disaster ecologically. 口語では、"Financially speaking," や "Ecologically speaking," と "speaking" を用い文頭に持ってくることが多いです。 |
難しい構文もなく、日本語感覚とあまり差がない（と思われている）ために、注目度がとても低い英語の副詞ですが、生き生きした文章を書くには欠かせない品詞です。
ちょっと余裕がある時に、少しずつ使い方を覚え、一つ二つと語彙を増やしていきましょう。
副詞の位置
特定の副詞を除いて、副詞の位置は比較的自由に動かす事が出来ます。通常
主語 + 助動詞・be動詞＋f頻度*＋動詞＋m態度·状態*＋p場所＋f(頻度)t時間
の順番で表します。
She goes pto church fevery Sunday tat 9 o'clock.
They played mhappily pin the garden tthe whole afternoon.
副詞は通常、助動詞や完了形のhaveの後、主動詞の前に置かれます。
He probably has an abacus.
She has always been kind to him.
I will always remember that day.
態度や状態を表す副詞は通常動詞の後ろ、もしくは目的語の後ろにおきます。また、動作を強調するために、動詞の前に来ることもあります。
She walks fast.
He ate lunch slowly.
She calmly talked to him.
頻度を表す副詞は単語によって位置が決まっています。
He always watches TV.
She calls me every morning.
I will see you at a cafe on Breeker street in Manhattan.
I have a plan to see him at noon next Sunday.
副詞や形容詞を修飾する場合
副詞が形容詞や副詞を修飾する場合、通常その語の前にきます。
Your answer is nearly correct.
He drives very carefully.
ただし、ENOUGHだけは、修飾する語の直後にきます。
She came early enough.
He drives carefully enough.
